• vaccinationTHE EFFECT OF TWO VACCINATION PROTOCOLS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTROPHIC OSTEODYSTROPHY AND IMMUNIZATION IN A LITTER OF WEIMARANER DOGS N. Safra1, H. Bark1, T. Waner2, I. Aizenberg1, A. Mosenco1, M. Radoshitsky1 and S. Harrus1
  1. School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem., 2. Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona. The effect of two different vaccination protocols on the development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) and immunization in a litter of 10 Weimaraner puppies was investigated. Five puppies (group 1) were vaccinated with a modified live canine parvovirus vaccine and two weeks later with a trivalent vaccine containing modified live canine distemper virus and advenovirus type 2 combined with a Leptospira bacterin. This vaccination cycle was repeated twice, at two week intervals. Group 2 was vaccinated with 3 consecutive multivalent vaccines containing modified live canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, parainfluenza and adenovirus type 2 combined with a Leptospira bacterin at 4 week intervals. All puppies were first vaccinated at the age of 8 weeks. Three dogs in group 1 developed HOD, while all five dogs in group 2 developed HOD during the study period. Dogs in group 1 developed higher antibody titers to canine distemper virus and parvovirus compared to the dogs in group 2.
  The results of this study futher strengthens the previously reported observation of a direct link between vaccination and clinical HOD in Weimaraners, and indicate that the 2 different vaccination protocols affected the pattern of appearance of HOD and immunization in the Weimaraner puppies.
• very good overview on HOD with focus on Weimaraners
  -one of highest breeds at risk..presents research and show not that simple.. CENTER>
• Large Breed Puppies:...What is an appropriate Diet?.
  "Included in the list of medical problems that are believed, in part, attributable to over supplementation are: Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy, Osteochondrosis, Hip Dysplasia2."
  " Calcium: The ideal calcium content, on a dry weight basis is 1%-2%-. AAFCO recommendation is 1%-2.5% which is generally acceptable; however, for giant breeds, such as the Great Dane, the lower end of this range is especially recommended. It is believed that calcium in excess of 3% on a dry weight basis can predispose to significant skeletal abnormalities, such as those mentioned above. Keep in mind, also, that adding of vitamins, particularly Vitamin D, will also increase absorption of dietary calcium (to possibly excessive levels)."
  " Energy: If too many calories are supplied and consumed on a daily basis, too rapid growth results and the excess mass that must be supported on an immature skeleton can result in microscopic damage to skeletal tissue, with subsequent malformation and/or malarticulation of joints, degenerative changes and potentially chronic pain. For most practical purposes, energy levels in food can be extrapolated principally from dietary fat, which should be no less than 8% (AAFCO recommendation) to maximum of 12% on a dry weight basis. "
  "Protein: As a percent of diet on a dry weight basis should range between 15%-25% (AAFCO recommends minumum of 22%). The ideal protein concentration is difficult to specify, since it is, in part dependent upon biological value of the protein source; (i.e. if of high biological value, then less is needed {more is assimilated} and the lower end of the range is desired). Protein markedly above the upper limit described here will be converted to energy, rather then incorporated into protein tissue. This will, therefore, add to the energy burden, and potentiate the problems associated with excess energy consumption, as described above"
• : J Nutr 2002 Nov;132(11):3363-8 : Intestinal calcium absorption in growing dogs is influenced by calcium intake and age but not by growth rate.
  Tryfonidou MA, van den Broek J, van den Brom WE, Hazewinkel HA.
  Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  Tryfonidou@vet.uu.nl
  The effects of calcium (Ca) intake (V(I)), age and growth rate on intestinal Ca absorption were studied in growing dogs. Two breeds of dogs differing in their growth rate (67 Great Danes and 23 Miniature Poodles) were raised on diets differing only in their Ca content (range 0.33 to 3.3 g/100 g diet on a dry matter basis). Repetitive Ca balance studies were performed with the aid of (45)Ca from 6 wk (i.e., after weaning) until 6 mo of age. Several models were investigated expressing true Ca absorption (V(a)) as a function of V(I), breed and age. V(a) was directly proportional to a function close to V(I)(0.82) being a continuation of the high Ca needs for mineralization of the growing skeleton. This curvilinear relationship between V(a) and V(I) and the inverse relationship between fractional Ca absorption and V(I) indicated the presence of active and passive Ca absorption in weaned growing dogs. A model in which these two components of Ca absorption can be discerned revealed that active Ca absorption underwent age-dependent changes, whereas passive absorption remained constant and accounted for 53% absorption of the V(I). At low V(I), active absorption contributed to a significant part of the V(a), whereas at excessive V(I) active absorption was negligible and passive absorption was the driving force for causing supra positive Ca balance. Intestinal Ca handling did not differ between breeds with dramatically different mature body size and growth rates.

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• comparison between Panosteitis or Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
  H.O "Age: • 2-8 months (usually 3-4 mos)"-Pano- 6-18 months
  H.O Cause:" Cause: • Unknown • Possibly hypovitaminosis C • Possibly over nutrition • Possibly virus"
  Pano-cause:"Unknown • Possibly genetic predisposition • Possibly viral"
• vetinfo HOD
• excess calcium
  can cause difficulty in zinc absorption
  "when calcium is supplemented with vitamin D, there is a greater risk for causing imbalance of the calcium:phosphorus ratio since vitamin D increases calcium absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, administering calcium supplement, particularly with vitamin D, is a dangerous practice and is not recommended."
• NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS ON MUSCULO-SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT

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  "3.Feeding excessive amounts Ca to growing puppies can contribute to developmental skeletal disorders, especially in large and giant breeds
  . a.Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD or metaphyseal osteopathy)
  b.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
  c.Hip dysplasia
  i.Genetics (40%)
  ii.Environment, including diet (60%) "
• ohn Innes: Bone Disorders in Growing Dogs
  Metaphyseal osteopathy (syn. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy)
  " The disease was originally compared to skeletal scurvy of children and this led to the hypothesis that the disease reflected a deficiency of vitamin C. However, dogs make their own vitamin C and it has been shown that affected animals are not deficient in this vitamin. Recent hypotheses have implicated Distemper virus and there is some evidence to suggest a role of this virus (whether wild type or vaccine strain) in the pathogenesis of the disease."
  
• xray of disease
• HYPERTROPHIC OSTEODYSTROPHY
  " Finally, vitamin C may, in fact, be contraindicated in animals affected with HOD, since its supplementation has recently been proven to result in relatively higher serum calcium levels, which may, through an enhancement of hypercalcitoninism, significantly diminish bone resorption.(11,15,25) Thus, much work needs yet to be done in this area. "
  "Evidence also has been presented that overnutrition may be the major etiologic factor in this disease.(7,11,21) That oversupplementation of vitamins, especially vitamin D, minerals, and energy are factors in the pathogenesis of HOD is supported by its occurrence in pups that have received massive dietary supplements.(2,22) Observations of dystrophic mineralization in the endocardium, aorta, and kidneys further support this concept.(21-23) In spite of this evidence, overnutrition is not a consistent finding in dogs with HOD, and in those in which it is, dietary correction alone seldom leads to remission of the clinical signs."
• risk factors
  omparison of Risk-Factors for Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy, Craniomandibular Osteopathy, and Canine-Distemper Virus-Infection CC Austin, GJ Breur,TA Munjar Purdue Univ,Sch Vet Med,Dept Vet Clin Sci,W Lafayette,IN 47907 USA Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 1998, Vol 11, Iss 1, pp 42-48 An analysis of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) and canine distemper virus (CDV) infection was undertaken. Risk factors (age, breed, sex, neuter status, weight, geographical and seasonal distribution) of the three diseases were determined and compared. Patient records were searched using the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) during the period of 1980 through 1989, This search identified 131 cases of HOD, 68 cases of CMO and 1,757 of CDV infection. Dogs less than six months of age were identified to be at greatest risk for HOD, CMO and CDV. The Great Dane, Cairn Terrier and the Greyhound were identified to be at highest risk for HOD. CMO and CDV infection, respectively. Males puppies were twice as likely to develop HOD. WP concluded, from the risk factors analyzed, that risk factors for HOD, CMO or CDV infection were not similar.
• non traumatic causes of lameness"Non-traumatic causes of lameness in the hindlimb of the growing dog H Scott In Practice , 21 4 176-188 April 1999 This is the second of two articles on lameness in the young growing dog. The first discussed the commonest causes of forelimb lameness (In Practice, November/December 1998, pp 539-553). Here, the more common conditions responsible for hindlimb lameness are considered. In the author's clinic, forelimb and hindlimb lameness are seen with equal frequency in the immature dog. In comparison with the forelimb, osteochondrosis is a less frequent cause of hindlimb lameness. Osteochondritis dissecans occurs in the talocrural joint and less commonly in the stifle joint of large- and giant-breed dogs and care should be taken to identify its presence, particularly in individuals with concurrent hip dysplasia, where it can easily be overlooked. Lameness, pain and debility associated with hip dysplasia in large-breed dogs remains common in the UK despite attempts to reduce the prevalence of the condition by the selective breeding of pedigree stock since 1965.Two important causes of hindlimb lameness that tend to affect smaller breeds of dog are patellar luxation and Legg-Calvι-Perthes disease. Panosteitis and metaphyseal osteopathy have already been discussed as causes of forelimb lameness. "
• HOD-Due to the poor prognosis of the disease and non-response to the previous medications, Zithromax was dispensed. In 24 hours the clinical signs and elevated temperature were resolved. The medication was administered for 14 days. There was no recurrence of the disease.
• Diseases of the musculoskeletal system