Many of us have heard much about bromelain. Bromelain is found in pineapple and other tropical fruit. Bromelain is a mini pharmacy. People use bromelain to help digestion and indigestion, to help prevent blood clots from forming, for back aches,bronchitis, for burn debridement, osteoarthritis, and sinus discomfort because of its anti inflammatory properties and possibly for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and MS. . Bromelain may increase the potency of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Yes..more resesearch should be done. It can't be patented so the research will continue to be slow.
Papaya and pineapple are the main source of proteolytic (protein
dissolving) plant enzymes. Bromelain also contains
perioxidase, acid phosphatase, protease inhibitors and calcium. I am including research abstracts which contain a lot of phrases you probably don't know..that is all right..I usually just skim them and look for key phrases that validate or at least strongly suggest some of the claims we read about and feel more comfortable about using bromelain for my animals and me....don't worry if a lot of these abstracts for the most part are meant for researchers...Oh yes, bromelain is being used in some cat's supplements to help prevent hairballs.Phlogenzym is a mix of three enzymes: bromelain, which comes from the stem of the pineapple plant; rutin, derived from citrus fruits; and trypsin, which is usually taken from hog pancreases.
I just adopted a kitty cat with sinus problems. I plan to buy empty gel capsules to make a smaller dosage and buy bromelain for her sinus problems to see if that will help her sneezing bouts which helps clear her nose besides her sinus. Have also read it helps with salviation problems.
"Cat Lube Hairball & Digestive Aid by Veterinarian's Best
Most over the counter hairball remedies contain petroleum, but Cat Lube Hairball and Digestive Aid uses herbs and enzymes to naturally lubricate the digestive tract. Chewable tablets can be fed as a treat, crumbled on dry food or mixed with wet food; suggested usage is one tablet twice daily. Active ingredients: extract of Slippery elm bark and papaya extract."
Clin Immunol. 2005 Jun 1; [Epub ahead of print] :
Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, Gottfried MR.
Department of Pathology, DUMC 3712, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Bromelain is a mixture of proteinases derived from pineapple stem that is marketed in health food stores as a "digestive aid". Orally administered bromelain was anecdotally reported to induce clinical and endoscopic remission of ulcerative colitis in two patients whose disease was refractory to multi-agent conventional medical therapy. However, the potential efficacy of bromelain in colitis has not yet been tested rigorously in either animals or humans. In this study, the clinical and histologic severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was determined in IL-10(-/-) mice treated orally with bromelain in vivo. Daily treatment with oral bromelain beginning at age 5 weeks decreased the incidence and severity of spontaneous colitis in C57BL/6 IL-10(-/-) mice. Bromelain also significantly decreased the clinical and histologic severity of colonic inflammation when administered to piroxicam-exposed IL-10(-/-) mice with established colitis. Proteolytically active bromelain was required for anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Adverse effects of dermatitis, hair loss, and weight loss due to mucositis were rare, dose related, and were not seen in wild-type mice treated orally with up to 1000 mg bromelain/kg/day for 18 weeks. Although the exact mechanisms by which exogenous proteinases affect bowel inflammation have not yet been determined, the results justify additional studies of this complementary biologically based approach to treatment of IBD.
: Mult Scler. 2005 Apr;11(2):166-8. :
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral hydrolytic enzymes in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Baumhackl U, Kappos L, Radue EW, Freitag P, Guseo A, Daumer M, Mertin J.
Department of Neurology, Central Clinic, St Poelten, Austria.
neurologie@kh-st-poelten.at
Oral administration of hydrolytic enzymes (HE), such as bromelain, trypsin and rutosid, may have beneficial effects on the clinical course of neurological symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (MS). This is supported by a complete protection by HE from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model related to MS. Three hundred and one patients with relapsing MS were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. No treatment effect between the placebo and the HE groups was found either for clinical or MRI parameters.In Vivo. 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):417-21. :
Therapeutic use, efficiency and safety of the proteolytic pineapple enzyme Bromelain-POS in children with acute sinusitis in Germany.
Braun JM, Schneider B, Beuth HJ.
Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine (IKIT), Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Josef.Beuth@medizin.uni-Koeln.de
The therapeutic efficiency and safety of the proteolytic enzyme bromelaine obtained from pineapple (Bromelain-POS, Ursapharm GmbH, Saarbrucken, Germany) was evaluated in children under the age of 11 years diagnosed with acute sinusitis. Data from 116 patients from 19 centres located across Germany were analysed in a pharmacoepidemiological cohort study. Patient cohorts were either treated with Bromelain-POS (N = 62), in combination with Bromelain-POS and standard therapies (N = 34), or with standard therapies (N = 20). The primary parameter measuring effectiveness of the different treatment groups was the duration of symptoms. The shortest mean period of symptoms was observed in patients treated with Bromelain-POS alone (6.66 days), followed by the standard therapy (7.95 days) and those treated with a combination of Bromelain-POS and the standard therapy (9.06 days). Patients of the Bromelain-POS monotherapy group showed a statistically significant faster recovery from symptoms (p = 0.005) compared to the other treatment groups. One 10-year-old male patient, with a known pineapple allergy, showed a self-limiting mild allergic reaction. No other unwanted side-effects were reported. This trial documents that the proteolytic pineapple enzyme Bromelain-POS is widely used in the treatment of young children diagnosed with acute sinusitis in Germany and that the use of proteolytic enzymes can benefit such patients.
Burns. 2004 Dec;30(8):843-50. :
Safety and efficacy of a proteolytic enzyme for enzymatic burn debridement: a preliminary report.
Rosenberg L, Lapid O, Bogdanov-Berezovsky A, Glesinger R, Krieger Y, Silberstein E, Sagi A, Judkins K, Singer AJ.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and the Burn Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, POB 151, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
proflior@netvision.net.il
A prospective, non-comparative study design was used to describe our experience with a bromelain-derived debriding agent, Debridase, in 130 patients with 332 deep second degree and third degree burns treated between 1984 and 1999. Debridase was applied after saturating the burns with a moist dressing for 2-24h. Debridase was applied for a period of 4h under an occlusive dressing. Mean patient age was 18.6 +/- 19.3, 42 (32.3%) were female, and 63 (48.5%) were children under age 18. Most burns were small. Debridase was applied once in 241 (72.6%) of the 332 wounds, twice in 67 (20.18%) cases, three times in 12 (3.61%) cases, and four times in 2 (0.6%) cases. The percentage debridement by number of applications was 89 +/- 21% for a single application, 77 +/- 27% for two, and 62 +/- 27% for three Debridase applications, respectively. There were no significant adverse events. The availability of a fast acting, reliable and complication-free enzymatic debriding agent may open new horizons and provide a new treatment modality for burns.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Dec;1(3):251-257. Epub 2004 Oct 6. :
Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.
Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D.
Bromelain, an extract from the pineapple plant, has been demonstrated to show anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and may provide a safer alternative or adjunctive treatment for osteoarthritis. All previous trials, which have been uncontrolled or comparative studies, indicate its potential use for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This paper reviews the mechanism of its putative therapeutic actions, those clinical trials that have assessed its use in osteoarthritis to date, as well as considering the safety implications of this supplement for osteoarthritis and reviewing the evidence to date regarding the dosage for treating this condition. The data available at present indicate the need for trials to establish the efficacy and optimum dosage for bromelain and the need for adequate prospective adverse event monitoring in such chronic conditions as osteoarthritis
J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Jun;49:617-21. :
Efficacy and tolerability of oral enzyme therapy as compared to diclofenac in active osteoarthrosis of knee joint: an open randomized controlled clinical trial.
Tilwe GH, Beria S, Turakhia NH, Daftary GV, Schiess W.
Department of Medicine, GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of an oral enzyme preparation (Phlogenzym) with that of an NSAID (diclofenac) in the treatment of active osteoarthrosis. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind study of seven weeks duration at a tertiary care centre wherein 50 patients aged 40-75 years, with activated osteoarthrosis of knee joint were randomized to receive phlogenzym tablets (2-3 tablets, bid) or diclofenac sodium 50 mg bid for three weeks. RESULTS: At the end of therapy (three weeks) and at follow-up visit at seven weeks there was reduction in pain and joint tenderness and swelling in both groups, and slight improvement in the range of movement in the study group. The reduction in joint tenderness was greater (p < 0.05) in the study group receiving phlogenzym. CONCLUSION: Phlogenzym is as efficacious and well tolerated as diclofenac sodium in the management of active osteoarthrosis over three weeks of treatment.
Research- Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):681-6. :
Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults.
Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW.
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, The University of Reading, UK.
a.f.walker@reading.ac.uk
There is preliminary clinical evidence to support the contention that the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of bromelain help to reduce symptoms of osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis. However, there have been no controlled studies of its effects on joint health in healthy subjects who lack such diagnosis. The current study investigated the effects of bromelain on mild acute knee pain of less than 3 months duration in otherwise healthy adults. The study was an open, dose-ranging postal study in volunteers who had been recruited through newspaper and magazine articles. Two validated questionnaires (WOMAC knee health Index and the Psychological Well-Being Index) were completed at baseline and after one month's intervention with bromelain, randomly allocated to volunteers as either 200 mg or 400 mg per day. Seventy seven subjects completed the study. In both treatment groups, all WOMAC symptom dimension scores were significantly reduced compared with baseline, with reductions in the final battery (total symptom score) of 41 and 59% (P = 0.0001 and <0.0001) in the low and high dose groups respectively. In addition, improvements in total symptom score (P = 0.036) and the stiffness (P = 0.026) and physical function (P = 0.021) dimensions were significantly greater in the high-dose (400 mg per day) compared with the low-dose group. Compared to baseline, overall psychological well-being was significantly improved in both groups after treatment (P = 0.015 and P = 0.0003 in the low and high dose groups respectively), and again, a significant dose-response relationship was observed. We conclude that bromelain may be effective in ameliorating physical symptoms and improving general well-being in otherwise healthy adults suffering from mild knee pain in a dose-dependant manner. Double blind, placebo-controlled studies are now warranted to confirm these results - Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use.
Bromelain is a crude extract from the pineapple that contains, among other components, various
closely related proteinases, demonstrating, in vitro and in vivo, antiedematous, antiinflammatory,
antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. The active factors involved are biochemically characterized
only in part. Due to its efficacy after oral administration, its safety and lack of undesired side
effects, bromelain has earned growing acceptance and compliance among patients as a
phytotherapeutical drug. A wide range of therapeutic benefits has been claimed for bromelain, such
as reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation, angina pectoris, bronchitis, sinusitis, surgical traumas,
thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly of antibiotics.
Biochemical experiments indicate that these pharmacological properties depend on the proteolytic
activity only partly, suggesting the presence of nonprotein factors in bromelain. Recent results from
preclinical and pharmacological studies recommend bromelain as an orally given drug for
complementary tumor therapy: bromelain acts as an immunomodulator by raising the impaired
immunocytotoxicity of monocytes against tumor cells from patients and by inducing the production
of distinct cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (Il)-1beta, Il-6, and Il-8. In a recent
clinical study with mammary tumor patients, these findings could be partially confirmed. Especially
promising are reports on animal experiments claiming an antimetastatic efficacy and inhibition of
metastasis-associated platelet aggregation as well as inhibition of growth and invasiveness of tumor
cells. Apparently, the antiinvasive activity does not depend on the proteolytic activity. This is also
true for bromelain effects on the modulation of immune functions, its potential to eliminate burn
debris and to accelerate wound healing. Whether bromelain will gain wide acceptance as a drug
that inhibits platelet aggregation, is antimetastatic and facilitates skin debridement, among other
indications, will be determined by further clinical trials. The claim that bromelain cannot be effective
after oral administration is definitely refuted at this time.
Clin Immunol. 2002 Aug;104(2):183-90. :
Bromelain treatment alters leukocyte expression of cell surface molecules involved in cellular adhesion and activation.
Hale LP, Greer PK, Sempowski GD
.
Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Bromelain is a natural proteinase preparation derived from pineapple stem that is marketed for oral use as a digestive aid and as an antiinflammatory agent. Bromelain treatment in vitro has been previously shown to selectively remove certain cell surface molecules that may affect lymphocyte migration and activation. This study reports the effects of bromelain on a broad range of cell surface molecules and on lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes under physiologically relevant conditions. In vitro bromelain treatment of leukocytes in whole blood proteolytically altered 14 of 59 leukocyte markers studied. Constitutively expressed bromelain-sensitive molecules included CD7, CD8alpha, CD14, CD16, CD21, CD41, CD42a, CD44, CD45RA, CD48, CD57, CD62L, CD128a, and CD128b. The proteolytic effect of bromelain increased as the concentration of plasma decreased, with EC50 ranging from >1000 microg/ml for 100% plasma to approximately 1 microg/ml in the absence of plasma, indicating the presence of an inhibitor of bromelain in plasma. alpha2-macroglobulin purified from plasma mimicked the inhibitory effect of whole plasma on bromelain activity. If proteolysis is required for the antiinflammatory actions of oral bromelain, these data suggest that the required concentrations are more likely to be achieved locally in the gastrointestinal tract or in other tissue sites where the plasma concentration is low, rather than in the bloodstream. The cell surface molecules altered by bromelain are involved in leukocyte homing and cellular adhesion and activation. Thus bromelain could potentially exert an antiinflammatory effect by multiple mechanisms, including alterations in leukocyte migration and activation
- Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use.
1: Cell Mol Life Sci 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45
Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use.
Maurer HR.
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie
Universitat Berlin, Germany. hrmaurer@zedat.fu-berlin.de
Bromelain is a crude extract from the pineapple that contains, among other components, various
closely related proteinases, demonstrating, in vitro and in vivo, antiedematous, antiinflammatory,
antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. The active factors involved are biochemically
characterized only in part. Due to its efficacy after oral administration, its safety and lack of
undesired side effects, bromelain has earned growing acceptance and compliance among patients
as a phytotherapeutical drug. A wide range of therapeutic benefits has been claimed for
bromelain, such as reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation, angina pectoris, bronchitis,
sinusitis, surgical traumas, thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and enhanced absorption of drugs,
particularly of antibiotics. Biochemical experiments indicate that these pharmacological properties
depend on the proteolytic activity only partly, suggesting the presence of nonprotein factors in
bromelain. Recent results from preclinical and pharmacological studies recommend bromelain as
an orally given drug for complementary tumor therapy: bromelain acts as an immunomodulator by
raising the impaired immunocytotoxicity of monocytes against tumor cells from patients and by
inducing the production of distinct cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin
(Il)-1beta, Il-6, and Il-8. In a recent clinical study with mammary tumor patients, these findings
could be partially confirmed. Especially promising are reports on animal experiments claiming an
antimetastatic efficacy and inhibition of metastasis-associated platelet aggregation as well as
inhibition of growth and invasiveness of tumor cells. Apparently, the antiinvasive activity does not
depend on the proteolytic activity. This is also true for bromelain effects on the modulation of
immune functions, its potential to eliminate burn debris and to accelerate wound healing. Whether
bromelain will gain wide acceptance as a drug that inhibits platelet aggregation, is antimetastatic
and facilitates skin debridement, among other indications, will be determined by further clinical
trials. The claim that bromelain cannot be effective after oral administration is definitely refuted at
this time. - Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired
immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients.
These data suggest, that orally applied bromelain stimulates the deficient
monocytic cytotoxicity of mammary tumor patients, which may partially explain its proposed
antitumor activity. - J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1988;114(5):507-8
Antimetastatic effect of bromelain with or without its proteolytic and
anticoagulant activity.
Batkin S, Taussig SJ, Szekerezes J.
Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813.
Bromelain, a pineapple-derived plant product, added to C57Bl/6 mice laboratory chow
decreased lung metastasis of Lewis lung cancer cells implanted s.c. This antimetastatic potential
was demonstrated by both the active and inactive bromelain with or without proteolytic,
anticoagulant properties. - full monograph at Thorne on Bromelain
- Monograph by thorn on Bromelaine
"It appears a great deal of the physiological activity of bromelain cannot be accounted for by its
proteolytic fraction and that the beneficial effects of bromelain are due to multiple factors, not to one
single, isolated factor. "
- Bromelain is an accelerator of phagocytosis, respiratory burst and Killing
of Candida albicans by human granulocytes and monocytes.small bowel review: normal physiology part 1.
Other new and promising antidiarrheal
agents include bromelain, an extract from pineapple stems, and igmesine, a final sigma ligand.
- Bromelain reversibly inhibits invasive properties of glioma cells.
Bromelain is an aqueous extract from pineapple stem that contains proteinases and exhibits
pleiotropic therapeutic effects, i.e., antiedematous, antiinflammatory, antimetastatic,
antithrombotic, and fibrinolytic activities.
These results indicate that bromelain exerts its antiinvasive effects by proteolysis,
signaling cascades, and translational attenuation.
- Bromelain activates murine macrophages and natural killer cells in vitro.
These results indicate a potential role for
bromelain in the activation of inflammatory responses in situations where they may be deficient,
such as may occur in immunocompromised individuals
- Natural treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Urtica dioica, bromelain, quercetin, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin C are safe,
natural therapies that may be used as primary therapy or in conjunction with conventional
methods.
- Prim Care 2002 Jun;29(2):231-61
:
Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract
infections to asthma.
Jaber R.
Division of Wellness and Chronic Illness,
Department of Family Medicine,
University Hospital and Medical Center,
Health Sciences Center, State
University of New York at Stony Brook,
Stony Brook, NY 11794-8461, USA.
rjaber@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
Patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis may benefit from hydration and a diet
low in sodium, omega-6 fatty acids, and transfatty acids, but high in omega-3
fatty acids (i.e., fish, almonds, walnuts, pumpkin, and flax seeds), onions, and
fruits and vegetables (at least five servings a day). Physicians may need to be
more cautious when prescribing antibiotics to children in their first year of life
when they are born to families with a history of atopy. More research is needed
to establish whether supplementation with probiotics (lactobacillus and
bifidobacterium) during the first year of life or after antibiotic use decreases
the risk of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis. Despite a theoretic basis for
the use of vitamin C supplements in asthmatic patients, the evidence is still
equivocal, and long-term studies are needed. The evidence is stronger for
exercise-induced asthma, in which the use of vitamin C supplementation at a
dosage of 1 to 2 g per day may be helpful. It is also possible that fish oil
supplements, administered in a dosage of 1 to 1.2 g of EPA and DHA per day,
also may be helpful to some patients with asthma. Long-term studies of fish oil
and vitamin C are needed for more definite answers. For the patient interested
in incorporating nutritional approaches, vitamin C and fish oils have a safe
profile. However, aspirin-sensitive individuals should avoid fish oils, and red
blood cell magnesium levels may help in making the decision whether to use
additional magnesium supplements. Combination herbal formulas should be used
in the treatment of asthma with medical supervision and in collaboration with an
experienced herbalist or practitioner of TCM. Safe herbs, such as Boswellia
and gingko, may be used singly as adjuncts to a comprehensive plan of care if
the patient and practitioner have an interest in trying them while staying alert
for drug-herb interactions. No data on the long-term use of these single herbs
in asthma exist. For the motivated patient, mind-body interventions such as
yoga, hypnosis, and biofeedback-assisted relaxation and breathing exercises are
beneficial for stress reduction in general and may be helpful in further
controlling asthma. Encouraging parents to learn how to massage their asthmatic
children may appeal to some parents and provide benefits for parents and
children alike. Acupuncture and chiropractic treatment cannot be recommended
at this time, although some patients may derive benefit because of the placebo
effect. For patients with allergic rhinitis, there are no good clinical research
data on the use of quercetin and vitamin C. Similarly, freeze-dried stinging
nettle leaves may be tried, but the applicable research evidence also is poor.
Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of these supplements and
herbs. Homeopathic remedies based on extreme dilutions of the allergen may be
beneficial in allergic rhinitis but require collaboration with an experienced
homeopath. There are no research data on constitutional homeopathic
approaches to asthma and allergic rhinitis. Patients with COPD are helped by
exercise, pulmonary rehabilitation, and increased caloric protein and fat intake.
Vitamin C and n-3 supplements are safe and reasonable; however, studies are
needed to establish their efficacy in COPD. On the other hand, there are
convincing data in favor of N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation for the patient
with COPD at doses ranging between 400 and 1200 mg daily. Red blood cell
magnesium levels may guide the use of magnesium replacement. The use of
L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 in patients with COPD needs further study. The
addition of essential oils to the dietary regimen of patients with chronic
bronchitis is worth exploring. Patients with upper respiratory tract infections
can expect a shorter duration of symptoms by taking high doses of vitamin C (2
g) with zinc supplements, preferably the nasal zinc gel, at the onset of their
symptoms. Adding an herb such as echinacea or Andrographis shortens the
duration of the common cold. The one study on Elderberry's use for the flu was
encouraging, and the data on the homeopathic remedy Oscillococcinum
interesting, but more studies should be performed. Saline washes may be helpful
to patients with allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis. Patients also may try the
German combination (available in the United States) of elderberry, vervain,
gentian, primrose, and sorrel that has been tested in randomized clinical trials.
Bromelain is safe to try; the trials of bromelain supplementation were promising
but were never repeated. The preceding suggestions need to be grounded in a
program based on optimal medical management. Patients need to be well
educated in the proper medical management of their disease and skilled at
monitoring disease stability and progress. Asthmatic patients need to monitor
their bronchodilator usage and peak flow meter measurements to step up their
medical treatment in a timely manner, if needed. Patients welcome physician
guidance when exploring the breadth of treatments available today. A true
patient-physician partnership is always empowering to patients who are serious
about regaining their function and health.
- Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary
prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
In a follow-up
unblind, open-label study, 17 additional men received 1 month of a supplement containing
quercetin, as well as bromelain and papain (Prosta-O), which enhance bioflavonoid absorption..... In the 17 patients who
received Prosta-Q in the open-label study, 82% had at least a 25% improvement in symptom
score. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with the bioflavonoid quercetin is well tolerated and provides
significant symptomatic improvement in most men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
- Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired
immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients.
< These data suggest, that orally applied bromelain stimulates the deficient
monocytic cytotoxicity of mammary tumor patients, which may partially explain its proposed
antitumor activity.